Association between Quality of Life, Confinement, and Sex in Adults: A Multigroup Structural Equation Analysis.

The state of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic affected the quality of life of the general population. This study aims to define and contrast an explanatory model of the quality of life in adults and to analyze the relationships between these variables based on the state of confinement and sex. A total of 872 people from Chile aged between 17 and 50 (M = 21.70 years; SD= 3.272), of both sexes (60.90% male and 39.1% female) participated in this research, of whom 46.6% were not confined when tested and 53.4% were confined, analyzing the quality of life. A model of multi-group structural equations was performed, which adjusted very well (χ2 = 559.577; DF = 38; p < 0.001; IFC = 0.934; NFI = 0.916; IFI = 0.934; RMSEA = 0.061). The results show a positive and direct relationship among all the variables studied and the structural equation model proposed according to confinement and sex reveals a good fit in all the evaluation indexes. Stress and sleep, personality, and introspection were the indicators with the greatest influence in the four models, followed by the family and friends indicator with a medium correlation strength, such as the health monitoring dimension, although this was not as influential in confined individuals. The main conclusions are that the best adjustments are obtained in confined adults and females, and the data show that the psychological indicators obtained (stress and sleep, personality, and introspection) have the greatest influence on adults in the four models proposed with regard to their quality of life.

Factors Influencing Nutritional Status in Hospitalized Individuals Aged 70 and Above.

BACKGROUND: Older adults are vulnerable to malnutrition due to physical, psychological, and social factors. Malnutrition, a prevalent and modifiable issue in this population, is associated with an elevated risk of adverse clinical outcomes. The purpose of the study is to assess the nutritional status of older adult individuals admitted to a general hospital and examine its correlation with socio-health and demographic variables. METHODS: The study included 239 individuals aged 70 and above, employing a cross-sectional descriptive observational approach with a convenience sampling method. Sociodemographic information was gathered, and variables such as cognitive impairment, functional capacity, comorbidities, medication consumption, and nutritional status were evaluated. Statistical analysis involved descriptive calculations, bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis, utilizing binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Approximately half of the sample were at risk of malnutrition, with a more notable prevalence among women. Factors such as age (OR = 1.04), cognitive impairment (OR = 1.06), functional dependence (OR = 0.96), and comorbidities (OR = 1.08) were linked to an elevated risk of malnutrition. In our regression model, age, cognitive impairment, and drug consumption emerged as significant predictors of malnutrition risk. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals aged 70 and above have a notably high prevalence of malnutrition risk, particularly among those experiencing functional dependence and cognitive impairment. In our sample, cognitive impairment in older adults, coupled with above-median drug consumption, emerges as the primary predictor for malnutrition risk.

Effect of an Active Break Intervention on Attention, Concentration, Academic Performance, and Self-Concept in Compulsory Secondary Education.

(1) Background: Society's shift to a tech-focused era and has created a hyper-connected, sedentary lifestyle. The purpose of this study is to address two objectives: firstly, to describe and analyze the effects of an active breaks program associated with the learning of curricular content (CF-AB) on levels of attention, concentration, and academic performance (AP); secondly, to examine the relationship between intense physical activity (PA), attention, concentration, academic self-concept, basic psychological needs, and academic performance in schoolchildren who practice CF-ABs. (2) Method: A randomized controlled trial quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test study with a non-probabilistic sample included 313 secondary school students divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention, a curricular-focused academic break (CF-AB) (8 weeks, 5-10 min/session), is taken in the middle of the class and linked with the subject content. Measuring instruments: Attention Test D2, ad hoc test for the AP, self-concept AF5, Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale in General (BNSG-S), and the Global PA Questionnaire (GPAC.V2). (3) Results: Attention and concentration improved in both groups, with no significant differences. There were no significant differences in academic self-concept, but the intervention group showed higher scores in basic psychological needs. AP correlated positively with concentration, academic self-concept, and physical activity. A proportion of 20% of the variance of AP in spelling is explained by the regression model. Students who improved the most in AP practiced intense PA outside school, with good self-concept and satisfactory social relationships. Although concentration was related to AP, it did not explain the improvement. (4) Conclusion: CF-ABs may have a positive impact on attention and AP, with socioemotional factors and PA playing an important role in this effect. (5) Limitations and Future Research: The relationship between PA performed in class and AP should be considered with caution due to the multifactorial nature of AP. Future research should consider the number of sessions per week, the prolongation of the same during the school year, the intensity and duration of the activity, and the intervention type of active breaks. In addition, attention should be paid to possible incident factors in AP related to personal and social variables.

Association between cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older from Chile: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies in Latin America have examined the association between cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive impairment (CI) in a nationally representative sample. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CI in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 60 years or older from Chile and to investigate the association between cardiovascular risk factors and CI. METHODS: Data from the cross-sectional 2016-2017 National Health Survey of Chile, which included 2031 adults (63.7% women) was used. Body mass index, metabolic syndrome (blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose or treatment for diabetics, waist circumference, and HDL cholesterol), risk of cardiovascular disease (history and measured variables, using the Framingham risk score), tobacco use, and physical activity were measured. CI was assessed using the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of CI was 12.2% at the national level. Significant differences in CI were observed by age, education level, risk of cardiovascular disease, and smoking. High risk of cardiovascular disease was associated with higher odds of CI (OR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.20-3.45) compared to low risk. Smoking was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of CI (OR: 0.56; 95%CI: 0.36-0.87) compared to never smoking. Body mass index, metabolic syndrome, and physical activity were not associated with CI. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided additional support for previous findings on the relationship between cognitive decline and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Worse CI was associated with the group with the highest risk of cardiovascular disease, and the presence of lifestyle factors, such as obesity and physical inactivity, exacerbate this relationship, but not being a current smoker.

Relationship of indicators of ability and experience of military sports skydiving with the psychological state and performance in competition of elite jumpers / Relación de indicadores de habilidad y experiencia del paracaidismo deportivo militar con el estado psicológico y rendimiento en competición de saltadores de élite / Relação dos indicadores de habilidade e experiência do paraquedismo esportivo militar com o estado psicológico e desempenho em competição de saltadores de elite

Se deben considerar múltiples variables cuando se habla de rendimiento deportivo. Entre ellas, la literatura establece la importancia de la psicología y las técnicas indicadoras de la experiencia adquirida en la disciplina. Este estudio pretende establecer la relación entre determinados constructos que definen el perfil psicológico del deportista con indicadores de habilidad en paracaidismo militar. Para ello, se encuestó a 42 saltadores de 40,86 años (±7,35) pertenecientes al ejército español y a la guardia civil durante la celebración del Campeonato Nacional Militar de paracaidismo que se celebra anualmente, para conocer su nivel de optimismo, resiliencia, bienestar psicológico y burnout. Se concluye que los años de experiencia en paracaidismo y el número de saltos, como indicadores de habilidad, deben ser tomados en cuenta con un mayor nivel de concreción y especificidad, ya que ciertas variables psicológicas pueden aumentar o disminuir dependiendo de ellas. Conviene estudiar cada caso en particular para comprender qué puede ocurrir en el estado del paracaidista y desarrollar estrategias para optimizar el rendimiento deportivo. (AU)

Multiple variables must be considered when talking about sports performance. Among them, the literature establishes the importance of psychology and indicator techniques of experience acquired in the discipline. This study aims to establish the relationship between certain constructs that define the psychological profile of the athlete with skill indicators in military parachuting. For this, 42 jumpers aged 40.86 years old (±7.35) belonging to the Spanish army and the civil guard during the celebration of the National Military Championship of Skydiving which is held annually surveyed to know their level of optimism, resilience, psychological well-being, and burnout. It is concluded that the years of skydiving experience and the number of jumps, as indicators of skill, must be taken into account with a higher level of concreteness and specificity since certain psychological variables can increase or decrease depending on them. It is convenient to study each case, in particular, to understand what can happen in the state of the parachutist and develop strategies for optimizing sports performance. (AU)

Múltiplas variáveis devemser consideradas quando se fala em desempenho desportivo. Eentre eles, a literatura estabelece a importância da psicologia e das técnicas indicadoras daexperiência adquirida na disciplina. Este estudo visa estabelecer a relaçãoentre determinados constructos que definem o perfil psicológico do atleta com indicadores de habilidade no paraquedismo militar. Para tal, foram inquiridos 42 saltadores com 40,86anos (±7,35) pertencentes ao exército espanhol e à guarda civil durante a celebração do Campeonato Nacional Militar de paraquedismo que se realiza anualmente para conhecer o seu nível de optimismo, resiliência, bem-estar psicológicoe esgotamento. Conclui-se que os anos de experiência em paraquedismo e o número de saltos, como indicadores de habilidade, devem ser levados em consideração com maior grau deespecificidade, pois certas variáveis psicológicas podem aumentar ou diminuir. É conveniente estudar cada caso em particular para entender o que pode acontecer no estado do paraquedista e desenvolver estratégias para otimizar o desempenho esportivo. (AU)

Dysimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency is associated with alterations in oral, respiratory, and intestinal microbiota.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency characterized by decreased immunoglobulins and recurrent infections. Its aetiology remains unknown, and some patients present with severe non-infectious autoimmune or inflammatory complications with elevated associated morbimortality. Recently, intestinal dysbiosis has been proposed as a driver of immune dysregulation. In this study, we assessed the oral, respiratory, and gastrointestinal microbiota of 41 CVID patients (24 with dysimmune and 17 with infection complications) and 15 healthy volunteers using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to explore associations between microbiome profiles and CVID phenotypes. Profound differences in the composition of the microbiota in saliva, sputum, and stool were detected between dysimmune CVID patients and healthy individuals. Globally, respiratory species diversity and faecal bacterial richness were lower in CVID individuals with immune complications. Although a single species could not be identified as a robust predictor of dysimmunity, a combination of around 5-7 bacterial species in each type of sample could predict this severe phenotype with an accuracy of around 90% in the study population. Our study provides new insights into these previously unexplored but highly interrelated ecological niches among themselves and with patient profiles. Our data suggest that this disease-related systemic dysbiosis could be implicated in the immune dysregulation associated with severe cases of CVID.

Activating Specific Handball's Defensive Motor Behaviors in Young Female Players: A Non-Linear Approach.

Traditional models to train and teach young players in team sports assume that athletes learn as linear systems. However, an actual methodology called Non-Linear Pedagogy (NLP) accounts for the fact that the players and the team are complex dynamic systems. Experiences in handball under this methodology are scarce; due to this, an observational study has been conducted with a follow-up, idiographic and multidimensional design, in which 14 female school handball players belonging to four different local teams in Santiago, Chile (age = 15.55 + 0.51) agreed to participate in three special handball training sessions with the use of the NLP methodology where three different constraints were used. Descriptive analysis with the Chi-squared test showed a total of 252 observations where most of the variables were dependent on the constraints (p ≤ 0.001). Frequency showed that mainly "Defense in Line of progression" and "Proximal contact" were the most activated variables, followed by "Harassment" and "Deterrence" for all constraints. However, only constraint 2 highly activated two collective motor behaviors, while the rest only did it with individual motor behaviors. It is concluded that the constraints used in training seem to be effective in activating a group of defensive handball motor behaviors, specifically those that are basic for female school handball players.

Be Prosocial My Friend: The Social Disconnection Model of Perfectionism in Adolescents Immersed in Competitive Sport.

The aim of the present study is to explore the relationships between cognitive-behavioral patterns of perfectionism in the context of competitive sport and both prosociality and aggressiveness in a sample of adolescents competing in federated sports. A cross-sectional and non-randomized study was designed using a selective methodology on a sample of adolescents (N = 234) competing in federated sports. Scales to assess aggressiveness, perfectionism, prosocial behavior, and competitiveness were administrated. The results show that as age increases, prosocial behaviors increase and aggressive behaviors and competitiveness decrease, while there was no one significant perfectionist tendency. Competitiveness showed a direct relationship with aggressive (positive) and prosocial behaviors (negative). Self-oriented perfectionistic behavior showed a direct and significant relationship with prosocial behaviors, but no significant relationship with aggressive responses. As P-SP and P-OD tendencies increased, significantly smaller links were shown with prosocial behaviors, but greater links were shown with aggressive behaviors. A path (mediation) model showed a positive and predictive relationship with aggressive behaviors and a negative relationship with prosocial altruistic behaviors. The negative influence of criticism from significant figures in their environment and unrealistic expectations about their performance are relevant to difficulties in self-regulating social relationships in adolescents. Hence, it is a challenge to promote prosocial resources (as a protective value for aggressive behaviors) in the face of the early angst of young athletes, who put their maturity to the test under conditions of high pressure and demands. The present study continues to reinforce the line drawn on perfectionism and prosocial development in young people in sports contexts where young people, measured early on according to their performance, can accentuate and deepen competitive tendencies that alter their adaptive and self-regulatory capacities, as well as their psychosocial projection.

Primary Validation of the Submandibular Skinfold as an Anthropometric Measurement of Cardiometabolic Risk in People with Intellectual Disabilities.

The accumulation of body fat is an important cardiometabolic risk factor; however, there is no consensus about which measure is more reliable for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk in people with intellectual disabilities. The aim of the present study was to primarily validate the submandibular skinfold as an anthropometric measurement of cardiometabolic risk in children, adolescents, and adults with intellectual disabilities, using a cross-sectional study made up of 131 people (67.2% men) with mild and moderate intellectual disability. The cardiometabolic risk indicators used were: body mass index (kg/m2), neck circumference (cm), waist circumference (cm), calf circumference (cm) and waist-to-height ratio. Moderate correlations were demonstrated between the submandibular skinfold measure and the anthropometric measurements analyzed in the three age categories, showing the highest correlation (r = 0.70) between the submandibular skinfold and BMI in the adolescent group and waist-to-height ratio in adults. The implementation of the submandibular skinfold measurement is suggested as an easy, fast, and minimally invasive anthropometric measurement as part of the physical and nutritional evaluation for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk in people with intellectual disabilities.

Reference Values of Absolute and Relative Handgrip Strength in Chilean Schoolchildren with Intellectual Disabilities.

Handgrip strength is a simple measure of general muscle strength and is related to functionality in people with intellectual disabilities. The objective of this research was to describe the normative values of absolute and relative handgrip strength in children, adolescents and adults according to sex. The sample was made up of 264 schoolchildren (n = 168 men) belonging to five special education schools in Santiago of Chile. The results show higher levels of absolute handgrip strength in males compared to females. The maximum peak of the absolute manual handgrip is reached in females in adolescence with a decrease in adulthood. Relative handgrip strength levels are similar in boys and girls. In females, the relative handgrip strength is similar in childhood and adolescence. Relative handgrip strength declines in both sexes from adolescence to adulthood. The reference values of this study can be used by professionals in the areas of health and education as a guide for interpretation, monitoring and follow-up of Chilean schooled people with intellectual disabilities.

Current clinical spectrum of common variable immunodeficiency in Spain: The multicentric nationwide GTEM-SEMI-CVID registry.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) constitutes a heterogenic group of primary immunodeficiency disorders with a wide-ranging clinical spectrum. CVID-associated non-infectious morbidity constitutes a major challenge requiring a full understanding of its pathophysiology and its clinical importance and global variability, especially considering the broad clinical, genetic, and regional heterogeneity of CVID disorders. This work aimed to develop a nationwide, multicenter, retrospective study over a 3-year period describing epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, therapeutic, and prognostic features of 250 CVID patients in Spain. The mean diagnostic delay was around 10 years and most patients initially presented with infectious complications followed by non-infectious immune disorders. However, infectious diseases were not the main cause of morbimortality. Non-infectious lung disease was extraordinarily frequent in our registry affecting approximately 60% of the patients. More than one-third of the patients in our cohort showed lymphadenopathies and splenomegaly in their follow-up, and more than 33% presented immune cytopenias, especially Evans' syndrome. Gastrointestinal disease was observed in more than 40% of the patients. Among biopsied organs in our cohort, benign lymphoproliferation was the principal histopathological alteration. Reaching 15.26%, the global prevalence of cancer in our registry was one of the highest reported to date, with non-Hodgkin B lymphoma being the most frequent. These data emphasize the importance of basic and translational research delving into the pathophysiological pathways involved in immune dysregulation and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration. This would reveal new tailored strategies to reduce immune complications, and the associated healthcare burden, and ensure a better quality of life for CVID patients.

Effectiveness of Teaching Mini Handball through Non-Linear Pedagogy in Different Socioeconomic Contexts: A Pilot Study.

Mini handball is among the sports included as part of school physical education in Chile to improve children's motor skills and to motivate their adherence to a healthy and active lifestyle in response to concerns about this country's high level of childhood obesity. To this end, non-linear pedagogy (NLP) has been used to develop motor skills through mini handball in the school context. However, socioeconomic differences that influence the development of children's motor skills have not been considered to determine whether the methodology applies to everyone. The aim of the present observational study is to describe and compare the effectiveness of the previously applied NLP methodology in two contrasting socioeconomic contexts to determine whether it helps to develop motor skills through mini handball in both school contexts. The Levine test was used to determine the homogeneity of the variances (p < 0.05), as the distribution of the data was not normal. The Kruskal-Wallis H statistical test was used to analyse within-group data. Additionally, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied for comparisons between groups. The results show significant improvements in the acquisition of the expected motor skills specific to mini handball. Additionally, a shortening of the gap was evidenced between the groups during the training process, with no significant differences at the end of the progression. Therefore, the investigated NLP is equally as effective for schoolchildren in two opposite socioeconomic contexts.

Norovirus infection as a model of chronic or recurrent infection in common variable immunodeficiency

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic primary immunodeficiency (PID) in general population. PID are genetic diseases that share a dysfunction in the immune system entailing a greater risk of both chronic and recurrent infections. These patients can also develop chronic gastrointestinal infections caused by norovirus with persistent viral dissemination, which can be detect ed months after primoinfection. Additionally, a proportion of CVID patients show a typical severe enteropathy presenting with recurrent diarrhoea, intestinal malabsorption, inflammatory lesions, and villous atrophy. Some studies have related this enteropathy with chronic intestinal infection caused by norovirus. (AU)

Anthropometric Indicators of the Cardiometabolic Risk, Muscle Strength, and Functional Capacity of Schoolchildren with Intellectual Disabilities during Lockdown in Chile.

Lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the social, psychological, and physical well-being of the world population. In the case of people with intellectual disabilities, the impact of lockdown on their physical condition and functionality is not completely clear. This study aimed to determine the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on the anthropometric indicators of cardiometabolic risk, muscle strength, and functionality on schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities. The sample was composed of 132 students of both sexes (n = 74 pre-lockdown; n = 58 lockdown) belonging to two special education centers from the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile. Our results showed significant reductions (p ≤ 0.05) in absolute and relative handgrip strength, as well as in functionality, when comparing pre-lockdown and lockdown measurements, with a greater loss in girls than boys. The design and implementation of physical exercise programs centered on strength training are necessary for the physical and functional reconditioning of this population. These programs need to be implemented in special education centers considering the general well-being, quality of life and work needs of people with intellectual disabilities.

HLA in Las Alpujarras Mts., South-East Spain: A Renaissance process of population artificial substitution.

Spain was invaded in 711 CE by mostly Berber North Africans carrying Muslim religion to a mostly Christian/Catholic Kingdom. A fight to expel Muslims soon started and were apparently driven out of Iberia (Spain) starting in 1492 CE. However, many of these expelled people were of Iberian old ancestry that had become Muslims at Las Alpujarras Mts. (South-East Spain). Also, Muslim North Africans converted to Christianity either remained there or came back after they more definetively were expelled by 1609 CE. Las Alpujarras region was also repopulated by northern Spaniards mostly from Galicia. Our HLA study of present day Alpujarrans shows that typical North Spain and European Atlantic façade HLA extended haplotypes are very frequent in nowadays Las Alpujarras region, i. e.: HLA-(A*29-B*44)-DRB1*07:01-DQA1*02:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*02-B*27)-DRB1*15:01-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:02. It is concluded that repopulation had a noticeable success even in today Alpujarran population.

Relationship between sense of coherence and health-related behaviours in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The sense of coherence is developed through the learning process and contributes to the positioning of individuals in the health-disease continuum, facilitating successful and adaptive personal outcomes. Health-related behaviours represent a health determinant of utmost importance for public health and the development of adolescent and youth health promotion policies, as they are related to the main risk factors and problems of morbidity and mortality in our society. Previous studies have analysed the relationship between sense of coherence and only some individual health outcomes such as oral health, the relationship of sense of coherence with smoking and alcohol consumption, concluding that salutogenic factors are related to quality of life and preventive behaviours. The aim of this systematic review was to describe the relationship of sense of coherence with different health-related behaviours investigated so far in the adolescent and youth population. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out in databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and PsycInfo) and in the bibliographies of the retrieved articles, without limitation of time or language. Associations between sense of coherence and health-related behaviours have been assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1214 investigations were reviewed and 21 of them were included in this systematic review. The relationship between sense of coherence and eight health-related behaviours were identified (alcohol use, physical activity, tobacco use, eating habits, rest periods, use of illegal substances, behaviours related to oral health and time spent in games on the computer). CONCLUSIONS: Our results increase the available evidence and support the solid relationship of the sense of coherence with health behaviours both as a protective factor against risk behaviours and for its positive association with preventive and health promoting behaviours of adolescents, young adults and university students.

Integrating Clinics, Laboratory, and Imaging for the Diagnosis of Common Variable Immunodeficiency-Related Granulomatous-Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease.

Background: Granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) is a distinct clinic-radio-pathological interstitial lung disease (ILD) that develops in 9% to 30% of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Often related to extrapulmonary dysimmune disorders, it is associated with long-term lung damage and poorer clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore the potential use of the integration between clinical parameters, laboratory variables, and developed CT scan scoring systems to improve the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tools. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of 50 CVID patients was conducted in a referral unit of primary immune deficiencies. Clinical variables including demographics and comorbidities; analytical parameters including immunoglobulin levels, lipid metabolism, and lymphocyte subpopulations; and radiological and lung function test parameters were collected. Baumann's GLILD score system was externally validated by two observers in high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans. We developed an exploratory predictive model by elastic net and Bayesian regression, assessed its discriminative capacity, and internally validated it using bootstrap resampling. Results: Lymphadenopathies (adjusted OR 9.42), splenomegaly (adjusted OR 6.25), Baumann's GLILD score (adjusted OR 1.56), and CD8+ cell count (adjusted OR 0.9) were included in the model. The larger range of values of the validated Baumann's GLILD HRCT scoring system gives it greater predictability. Cohen's κ statistic was 0.832 (95% CI 0.70-0.90), showing high concordance between both observers. The combined model showed a very good discrimination capacity with an internally validated area under the curve (AUC) of 0.969. Conclusion: Models integrating clinics, laboratory, and CT scan scoring methods may improve the accuracy of non-invasive diagnosis of GLILD and might even preclude aggressive diagnostic tools such as lung biopsy in selected patients.

Sub Maximal Ergospirometry Parameters in Untrained Non-Frail Octogenarian Subjects.

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of chronic diseases increases with age, and in octogenarian elderly, a cardiorespiratory test with gas analysis is more effective in determining the risk of mortality than applying the conventional risk factors. Materials and Methods: 25 untrained non-frail octogenarian subjects (four men) performed a submaximal test with gas analysis, which was stopped after the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was reached. The variables analyzed were oxygen consumption at the first threshold (VO2 VT1); ventilatory class (VE/VCO2); oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES); cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP); oxygen pulse difference between VT2 and VT1 (diff. VO2/HR VT2-VT1). Results: the variables were classified categorically based on cut-off points present in the literature, where the variable with the highest percentage of altered cases was dif. VO2/HR VT2-VT1 at 48%; followed by VO2 VT1 at 40%, OUES at 36%, COP at 32%, and VE/VCO2 at 24%. Chi-square analysis between the measured parameters defined that normal and altered variables were related to each other, except for the variable VE/VCO2 and OUES. Conclusions: it was found that the main altered variable was the oxygen pulse and the least altered variable was VCO2/VCO2; there was only a statistically significant difference in a pair of OUES vs. VE/VCO2 variables.

The power of geohistorical boundaries for modeling the genetic background of human populations: The case of the rural catalan Pyrenees.

The genetic variation of the European population at a macro-geographic scale follows genetic gradients which reflect main migration events. However, less is known about factors affecting mating patterns at a micro-geographic scale. In this study we have analyzed 726,718 autosomal single nucleotide variants in 435 individuals from the catalan Pyrenees covering around 200 km of a vast and abrupt region in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, for which we have information about the geographic origin of all grand-parents and parents. At a macro-geographic scale, our analyses recapitulate the genetic gradient observed in Spain. However, we also identified the presence of micro-population substructure among the sampled individuals. Such micro-population substructure does not correlate with geographic barriers such as the expected by the orography of the considered region, but by the bishoprics present in the covered geographic area. These results support that, on top of main human migrations, long ongoing socio-cultural factors have also shaped the genetic diversity observed at rural populations.